Year 30 No. 3 (2022): Issue 3/2022
Articles

Discourse Markers in Chinese and Italian: A Corpus-Driven Comparison of Ránhòu然后 and Poi

Sergio Conti
Roma Tre University
Bio
Giorgio Carella
Roma Tre University

Published 12/19/2022

Keywords

  • Corpus-driven analysis,
  • Chinese discourse markers,
  • Italian discourse markers,
  • Ranhou,
  • Poi

How to Cite

Conti, S., & Carella, G. (2022). Discourse Markers in Chinese and Italian: A Corpus-Driven Comparison of Ránhòu然后 and Poi. L’Analisi Linguistica E Letteraria, 30(3). Retrieved from https://www.analisilinguisticaeletteraria.eu/index.php/ojs/article/view/511

Abstract

The present study is a corpus-driven analysis comparing the Chinese discourse marker (DM) ránhòu 然后 (then) and its Italian equivalent poi. A total of 351 occurrences of ranhou (192) and poi (159) were extracted from a randomly selected sample of the CALLFRIENDS and LIP corpora, large collections of natural conversations between Chinese and Italian native speakers, respectively. Each corpus sample approximately consisted of 2.5h conversations. Based on the quantitative analysis of the data supported by qualitative evidence, the study highlights the interactional, metatextual, and cognitive functions of the two DMs, focusing on both differences and similarities. Our findings show that both expressions are significantly more used as DMs than to express temporality; however, they also display some specificities. For instance, ranhou often functions as a turn management device, while poi frequently occurs in clusters with other DMs, conveying the speakers’ attitude towards the utterance.

References

  1. Andorno, Cecilia. 2007a. “Apprendere il lessico: elaborazione di segnali discorsivi (sì, no, così) [Learning vocabulary: the elaboration of discourse signals (sì, no, così)].” In Imparare una lingua: recenti sviluppi teorici e proposte applicative. Atti del 6° congresso internazionale dell’Associazione italiana di linguistica applicata [Learning a language: Recent developments and application proposals], edited by Marina Chini, Paola Desideri, Maria E. Favilla, and Gabriele Pallotti, 95–122. Perugia: Guerra Edizioni.
  2. Andorno, Cecilia. 2007b. “Strutturare gli enunciati e gestire l’interazione in italiano L2. L’uso dei connettivi anche, invece, ma, però [Structuring utterances and managing interaction in L2 Italian. The use of the connectives anche, invece, ma, però].” In Lessico, grammatica, testualità tra italiano scritto e parlato. Atti del convegno di studio (Basilea 17-18 febbraio 2006) [Vocabulary, grammar, textuality between written and spoken Italian. Proceedings of the study conference (Basel February 17-18, 2006)], edited by Anna M. De Cesare and Angela Ferrari, 223–243. Basel: University of Basel.
  3. Anthony, Laurence. 2019. AntConc (Version 3.5.8) [Computer Software]. Tokyo, Japan: Waseda University. https://www.laurenceanthony.net/software (last accessed May 22, 2022).
  4. Badan, Linda, Chiara Romagnoli. 2019. “I segnali discorsivi in italiano e cinese: un’analisi preliminare di na e allora [Discourse signals in Italian and Chinese: a preliminary analysis of na and allora].” In Lingua in contesto: la prospettiva pragmatica [Language in context: The pragmatic perspective], edited by Elena Nuzzo and Ineke Vedder, 199–215. Bologna: Associazione Italiana di Linguistica Applicata.
  5. Bazzanella, Carla. 1995. “I segnali discorsivi [Discourse signals].” In Grande grammatica italiana di consultazione [A broader perspective on Italian grammar], edited by Lorenzo Renzi, Giampaolo Salvi, Anna Cardinaletti, 225–257. Bologna: Il Mulino.
  6. Bazzanella, Carla. 2006. “Discourse Markers in Italian: Towards a ‘Compositional’ Meaning.” In Approaches to Discourse Particles, edited by Fischer Kerstin, 449–464. Leiden: Brill. https://10.1163/9780080461588_024.
  7. Bazzanella, Carla. 2015. “Segnali discorsivi nel parlato e nello scritto [Discourse signals in spoken and written language].” In Scritto e parlato. Metodi, testi e contesti [Written and spoken. Methods, texts, and contexts], edited by Maurizio Dardano, Adriana Pelo, Antonella Stefinlongo, 79–98. Rome: Aracne. https://doi: 10.4399/88799931356.
  8. Blakemore, Diane. 1987. Semantic Constraints on Relevance. Oxford: Blackwell.
  9. Blakemore, Diane. 1990. “‘So’ as a constraint on relevance.” In Mental Representations. The Interface between Language and Reality, edited by Kempson Ruth, 183–195. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  10. Bonvino, Elisabetta, Mara Frascarelli, Paola Pietrandrea. 2008. “Semantica, sintassi e prosodia di alcune espressioni avverbiali nel parlato spontaneo [Semantics, syntax, and prosody of some adverbial expressions in spontaeous speech].” In La comunicazione parlata [Spoken communication], edited by Massimo Pettorino, Antonella Giannini, Marianna Vallone, Renata Savy, 565–607. Napoli: Liguori Editore.
  11. Brezina, Vaclav. 2018. Statistics in Corpus Linguistics: A Practical Guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  12. Canavan, Alexandra, George Zipperlen, John Bartlett. 2018. CALLFRIEND Mandarin Chinese-Mainland Dialect Second Edition. Philadelphia: Linguistic Data Consortium. https://10.35111/rmba-9w42.
  13. Casentini, Marco, Sergio Conti. (In press). “Discourse Functions of Ranhou and Overtness Requirement for Subjects: A Corpus-Driven Formal Account.” In Chinese Linguistics in Italy, edited by Serena Zuccheri. Bologna: Bologna University Press.
  14. Closs Traugott, Elizabeth. 2020. “Expressions of Stance-to-text: Discourse Management Markers as Stance Markers.” Language Sciences 82: 1-14. https://10.1016/j.langsci.2020.101329.
  15. Cognola, Federica, Silvio Cruschina. 2021. “Between Time and Discourse: A Syntactic Analysis of Italian Poi.” Annali di Ca’ Foscari. Serie occidentale 55: 87–116. https://10.30687/annoc/2499-1562/2021/09/015.
  16. Condon, Sherri L., Claude G. Čech. 2010. “Discourse Management in Three Modalities.” Language@Internet 7, article 6.
  17. Coniglio, Marco. 2008. “Modal Particles in Italian.” University of Venice Working Papers in Linguistics 18, edited by Laura Brugè: 91–129.
  18. De Cristofaro, Elisa, Linda Badan. 2019. “The Acquisition of Italian Discourse Markers as a Function of Studying Abroad.” Corpus Pragmatics 5: 95–120. https://10.1007/s41701-019-00069-6.
  19. De Mauro, Tullio, Federico Mancini, Massimo Vedovelli, Miriam Voghera. Lessico di frequenza dell’italiano parlato [Frequency lexicon of spoken Italian]. Milano: Etaslibri.
  20. Degand, Lisbeth, Geertje van Bergen. 2018. “Discourse Markers as Turn-Transition Devices: Evidence from Speech and Instant Messaging.” Discourse Processes 55 (1): 47–71. https://10.1080/0163853X.2016.1198136.
  21. Dong, Xiufang 董秀芳. 2007. “Cihuihua yu huayu biaoji de xingcheng 词汇话与话语标记的形成 [Lexicalization and the origin of discourse markers].” Shijie Hanyu jiaoxue 世界汉语教学 1: 50–61. https://10.13724/j.cnki.ctiw.2007.01.009.
  22. Erman, Britt. 1987. Pragmatic Expressions in English: A Study of you know, you see and I mean in Face-to-face Conversation. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.
  23. Fang, M. 方梅 2000. “Ziran kouyu zhong ruohua lianci de huayu biaoji gongneng 自然口语中弱化连词的话语标记功能 [Reduced Conjunctions as Discourse Markers].” Zhongguo yuwen 中国语文 5: 459–470.
  24. Feng, Guangwu. 2019. “Pragmatic Markers in Chinese Discourse.” In The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Discourse Analysis, edited by Chris Shei, 216–229. Abingdon (UK) and New York: Routledge.
  25. Fiorentini, Ilaria, Andrea Sansò. 2017. “Reformulation Markers and their Functions: Two Case Studies from Italian.” Journal of Pragmatics 120: 54–72. https://10.1016/j.pragma.2017.08.010.
  26. Fraser, Bruce. 1996. “Pragmatic Markers.” Pragmatics 6 (2): 167–190. https://10.1075/prag.6.2.03fra.
  27. Gray, Bethany, Douglas Biber. 2015. “Stance Markers.” In Corpus Pragmatics: A Handbook, ed. by Karin Aijmer and Christoph Rühlemann, 219–248. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  28. Halliday, Michael A.K. 1979. “Modes of Meaning and Modes of Expression: Types of Grammatical Structures and their Determinations by Different Semantic Functions.” In Function and Context in Linguistic Analysis: A Festschrift for William Haas, edited by D.J. Allerton, David Holdcroft, Edward Carney, 57–79. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  29. Hölkher, Klaus. 1991. “Französisch: Partikelforschung [French: particle research].” In Lexikon der Romanistischen Linguistik. Band V/1: Französisch, Part 1 [Vocabulary of romance linguistics. Volume V/1: French, Part 1], edited by Günter Holtus, Michael Metzeltin, Christian Schmitt, 77–88. Tübingen: Niemeyer. https://10.1515/9783110966091.77.
  30. Huang, Shuanfan. 1999. “The Emergence of a Grammatical Category Definite Article in Spoken Chinese.” Journal of Pragmatics 31: 77–94. https://10.1016/S0378-2166(98)00052-6.
  31. Ji, Hui 吉晖. 2016. “Hanyu eryu xide yupian huayu biaoji shiyong kaocha 汉语二语习得语篇话语标记使用考察 [A survey of the use of Chinese discourse markers in foreigners’ second language acquisition texts].” Hainan Shifan Daxue xuebao (shehui kexue ban) 海南师范大学学报(社会科学版) 29 (8): 114–120.
  32. Jucker, Andreas H., Yael Ziv. 1998. “Discourse Markers: Introduction.” In Discourse Markers: Descriptions and Theory, edited by Andreas H. Jucker, Yael Ziv, 1-12. Amsterdam: Benjamins. https://10.1075/pbns.57.03juc.
  33. Kan, Minggang 阚明刚, Hou Min 候敏. 2013. “Huayu biaoji yuti duibi ji qi dui Hanyu jiaoxue de qishi 话语标记语体对比及其对汉语教学的启示 [Contrastive study of discourse markers used in different genres and its application in Chinese teaching].” Yuyan jiaoxue yu yanjiu 语言教学与研究 6: 32–39.
  34. Li, Charles N., Sandra A. Thompson. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. Berkley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press.
  35. Liu, Binmei. 2011. “Chinese Discourse Markers in Oral Speech of Mainland Mandarin Speakers.” In Current Issues in Chinese Linguistics, edited by Xiao Yun, Tao Liang, Soh Hoo Ling, 364–405. Newcastle: Cambridge University.
  36. Loureda Lamas, Óscar, Esperanza Acìn Villa. 2010. Los estudios sobre marcadores del discurso en español, hoy [Studies on discourse markers in Spanish, today]. Madrid: Arco Libros.
  37. Lü, Shuxiang 吕叔湘. 1999. Xiandai Hanyu babai ci – zeng ding ben 现代汉语八百词——增订本 [Eight-hundred Chinese words – enlarged edition]. Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan.
  38. Manzini, M. Rita. 2015. “Italian Adverbs and Discourse Particles: Between Recategorization and Ambiguity.” In Discourse-Oriented Syntax, edited by Josef Bayer, Roland Hinterhölzl, Andreas Trotzke, 93–120. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
  39. Miracle, W. Charles. 1991. Discourse Markers in Mandarin Chinese (unpublished PhD dissertation). The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (US).
  40. Nuzzo, Elena, Elisabetta Santoro. 2017. “Apprendimento, insegnamento e uso di competenze pragmatiche in italiano L2/LS: la ricerca a partire dagli anni Duemila [Learning, teaching, and using pragmatic competences in L2/SL Italian: the research from the 2000s].” EuroAmerican Journal of Applied Linguistics and Languages 4 (2): 1–27. https://10.21283/2376905X.7.116.
  41. Ochs Keenan, Elinor, Bambi Schieffelin. 1976. “Foregrounding Referents: A Reconsideration of Left Dislocation in Discourse.” In Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1976), 240–257. https://10.3765/bls.v2i0.2290.
  42. Östman, Jan-Ola. 1981. You Know: A Discourse-Functional Approach. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  43. Piccinini, Chiara. 2020. “Analysis of the Pragmatic Uses of the Discourse Markers Na 那 and Ranhou 然后 in a Corpus of Radio Conversations in Chinese Language Recorded in Taiwan.” In Italian Association for Chinese Studies. Selected Papers 3, 107–120. Venezia: Libreria Editrice Cafoscarina.
  44. Piccinini, Chiara. 2021. “Le funzioni discorsive dei segnali pragmatici dui bu dui e dui ma nella didattica della lingua cinese ad apprendenti italofoni [Discourse functions of the pragmatic signals dui bu dui and dui ma in Chinese language teaching to Italian learners].” In La lingua cinese in Italia. Studi su didattica e acquisizione [Chinese language in Italy. Studies on teaching and acquisition], edited by Chiara Romagnoli, Sergio Conti, 15–38. Rome: Roma TrE-Press. https://10.13134/979-12-5977-067-7/2.
  45. Pons Bordería, Salvador. 2006. “A functional approach to the study of discourse markers.” In Approaches to Discourse Particles, edited by Kerstin Fischer, 77–99. Leiden: Brill. https://10.1163/9780080461588_006.
  46. R Core Team. 2020. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/ (last accessed May 22, 2022).
  47. Reinhart, Tanya. 1981. “Pragmatics and Linguistics: An Analysis of Sentence Topics.” Philosophica 27: 53–93. https://10.21825/philosophica.82606.
  48. RStudio Team. 2021. RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R. Boston: RStudio, PBC. http://www.rstudio.com/ (last accessed May 22, 2022).
  49. Sakita, Tomoko I. 2013. “Discourse Markers as Stance Markers: Well in Stance Alignment in Conversational Interaction.” Pragmatics & Cognition 21 (1): 81-116. https://10.1075/pc.21.1.04sak.
  50. Sansò, Andrea. 2022. “Discourse Markers from Processes of Monologization: Two Case Studies.” In From speaking to grammar, edited by Miriam Voghera, 201–225. Bern: Peter Lang.
  51. Schegloff, Emanuel A. 1996. “Turn Organization: One Intersection of Grammar and Interaction.” In Interaction and Grammar, edited by Elinor Ochs, Emanuel A. Schegloff, and Sandra A. Thompson, 52–133. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  52. Schiffrin, Deborah. 1987. Discourse Markers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  53. Shei, Chris. 2014. Understanding the Chinese Language: A Comprehensive Linguistic Introduction. Abingdon (UK) and New York: Routledge.
  54. Schourup, Lawrence C. 1985. Common Discourse Particles in English Conversation. London and New York: Routledge.
  55. Su, Lily I-W. 1998. “Conversational Coherence: The Use of Ranhou in Chinese Spoken Discourse.” In Selected Papers from the Second International Symposium on Languages in Taiwan, ed. by Shuanfan Huang, 167–181. Taipei: Crane.
  56. Tsai, Pei-Shu, Wo-Hsin Chu. 2015. “The Use of Discourse Markers among Mandarin Chinese Teachers, and Chinese as a Second Language and Chinese as a Foreign Language Learners.” Applied Linguistics 38 (5): 638–665. https://10.1093/applin/amv057.
  57. Van Dijk, Teun A. 1979. “Pragmatic Connectives.” Journal of Pragmatics 3 (5): 477–456. https://10.1016/0378-2166(79)90019-5.
  58. Walker, Gareth. 2012. “Coordination and Interpretation of Vocal and Visible Resources: ‘Trail-off’ Conjunctions.” Language and Speech 55 (1): 141–163. https://10.1177/0023830911428858.
  59. Waltereit, Richard. 2006. “The Rise of Discourse Markers in Italian: A Specific Type of Language Change.” In Approaches to Discourse Particles, edited by Kerstin Fischer, 61–76. Leiden: Brill. https://10.1163/9780080461588_005.
  60. Wang, Chueh-chen, Lillian M. Huang. 2006. “Grammaticalization of Connectives in Mandarin Chinese: A Corpus-Based Study.” Language and Linguistics 7 (4): 991–1016.
  61. Wang, Wei. 2016. “Prosody and Discourse Functions of Ranhou 然后. With Implications for Teaching Mandarin Conjunctions at the Discourse Level.” In Integrating Chinese Linguistic Research and Language Teaching and Learning, edited by Hongyin Tao, 145–167. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. https://10.1075/scld.7.08wan.
  62. Wang, Wei. 2018. “Discourse Uses and Prosodic Properties of Ranhou in Spontaneous Mandarin Conversation.” Chinese Language and Discourse 9 (1): 1–25. https://10.1075/cld.00006.wan.
  63. Wang, Yu-Fang. 1997. “The Functions of Ranhou in Chinese Oral Discourse.” In 7th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL7) and 4th International Conference on Chinese Linguistics (ICCL4). Volume 2: Discourse, Historical Linguistics, Morphology, Phonology and Phonetics, edited by Tsai-Fa Cheng, Yafei Li, Hongming Zhang, 380–397. Los Angeles: GSIL (Graduate Students in Linguistics), University of Southern California.
  64. Xian, Lixia 鲜丽霞, and Li Yuejiong 李月炯. 2015. “Hanyu huayu biaoji yanjiu zongshu 汉语话语标记研究综述 [A review on the research of Chinese discourse markers].” Guangxi Shifan Xueyuan xuebao 广西师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版)36 (1): 122–127. https://10.16601/j.cnki.issn1002-5227.2015.01.010.
  65. Xu, Jiajin. 2015. “Discourse Markers.” In Encyclopedia of Chinese Language and Linguistics, edited by Rint Sybesma. Brill Reference Online. https://10.1163/2210-7363_ecll_COM_00000133.